Personalization and Adaptation in E-Learning Systems
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چکیده
Personalization is a feature that occurs separately within each system that supports some kind of users’ interactions with the system. Generally speaking term “Personalization” means the process of deciding what the highest value of an individual is if (s)he has a set of possible choices. These choices can range from a customized home page “look and feel” to product recommendations or from banner advertisements to news content. In this monograph we are interested in personalization in educational settings. The topic of personalization is strictly related to the shift from a teacher-centred perspective of teaching to a learner-centred, competency-oriented one. Two main approaches to the personalization can be distinguished: user-profile based personalization and rules-based personalization. In the first case this is the process of making decisions based upon stored user profile information or predefined group membership. In the second case this is the process of making decisions based on pre-defined business rules as they apply to a segmentation of users. This chapter presents the most popular adaptation forms of educational materials to learners. Today, personalization is feature that occurs separately within each system that supports some kind of users’ interactions between user and the system. Generally speaking term “Personalization” means the process of deciding what the highest value of an individual is if (s)he has a set of possible choices. These choices can range from a customized home page “look and feel” to product recommendations or from banner advertisements to news content. The concept of “Personalization” can easily be understood taking a closer look at some of the widely existing and using digital technologies that offer personalization and customization options: browser that help to roam the Internet, email and messaging systems, the digital boxes that help to watch TV online. Two main approaches to the personalization can be distinguished: user-profile based personalization and rules-based personalization. In first case this is the process of making decisions based upon stored user profile information or predefined group membership. In the second case this is the process of making decisions based on pre-defined business rules as they apply to a segmentation of users. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 A. Klašnja-Milićević et al., E-Learning Systems, Intelligent Systems Reference Library 112, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41163-7_2 21 2.1 Personalization and Personalized Learning In this monograph we are interested in personalization in educational settings. In e-learning area, “personalization” has a wide range of new meanings. One of the best explanations could be that “Personalized learning is the tailoring of pedagogy, curriculum and learning environments to meet the needs and learning styles of individual learners” (Baguley et al. 2014). The topic of personalization is strictly related to the shift from a teacher-centered perspective of teaching to a learner-centered, competency-oriented one. In contrary to conventional e-learning which tends to treat learners as a homogeneous entity, personalized e-learning recognizes learners as a heterogeneous mix of individuals. Essentially personalized e-learning offers to learner’s customization of a variety of the elements of the online education process: • The learning environment—content and its appearance to the learner (like backgrounds, themes, font sizes, colours, and so on) • The learning content itself—multimedia representations (like textual, graphical, audio, video, and so on) • The interaction—include facilitator, student and the learning content (e.g. mouse, keyboard, tap/swipe; e.g. using Quizzes, Online discussions, “Gaming”, Tutorials, Adaptive learning approaches) Apart from the above mentioned ways of personalization (like the “preferences” and “settings” options that most digital tools offer) other aspects of the learning environment and process can be personalized: • What content should be delivered during the learning process? • How the content should be delivered with special attention to the sequence of its delivery. • How students will be evaluated and also with special attention what feedback options will be used. Nowadays it is unavoidable demand that educators have to re-evaluate e-learning courses and there are a lot of important factors that determine it, like: age, cultural background, the level of education, demographics and so on. Numerous important aspects should be taken into account when deciding to personalize an e-learning environment: • Personalize the environment—determine how online e-learning environments should look like. • Personalize the content—incorporate content from the learners’ personal environment (reflect learners’ browsing habits and preferences). • Personalize the media—according to their learning styles and preferences some learners like to watch a short video or read a printed PDF files. • Personalizing learning sequences—nonlinear presentation of contents allows learners to choose how they will learn. 22 2 Personalization and Adaptation in E-Learning Systems
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